Authors: Plets, D.; Apostolidis, C.; Wang, S.; Valič, B.; Martens, L.; Samaras, T.; Gajšek, P.
Journal of Radiological Protection, Volume 46, Number 2, 2026, doi: 10.1088/1361-6498/ae6c32
Abstract
This study describes a neural network-based method for estimating exposure levels in industrial environments, without requiring detailed technical inputs, allowing usage of the model by layman people or by workers active in these areas. A pipeline based on Blender environments and MATLAB ray-tracing simulations is created and after defining a set of 11 candidate input parameters for the model, more than 20 000 different wireless configurations are simulated, varying the different environmental and wireless input parameters. A correlation analysis shows that main inputs influencing the exposure levels in the industrial area are the transmit power of the antennas, the density of clutter in the area, the density of transmitters in the area, and the height and location of the transmitters. A multi-layer fully connected neural network regression model is developed to predict median (E50) and 95th percentile (E95) exposure levels in industrial areas. Testing the obtained model on an unseen dataset of environments with E50 values between 0 and 3.25 V m−1 and E95 values between 0 and 7 V m−1, demonstrates the good prediction performance of the model: root-mean-square error values below 0.173 V m−1 and R2 values above 95% are obtained. Subsequently, the model is validated with measurement data collected in three distinct realistic industrial environments. The average absolute deviation of the model predictions with respect to the measurements is limited to 20.4%. This novel and broadly accessible approach demonstrates that it is possible to reliably estimate exposure levels in realistic environments without having to rely on external experts or on dedicated complex software.